编辑兰桂姬LANGUAGEE
初中部
infinitives不定式(表示目的):
1动词+to+不定式
2疑问词(questionwords)+to+不定式
3动词+宾语(objects)+to+不定式
Iwant(谓语动词)agift(宾语)
iwanttobuy(第二个动词为不定式)agift
常用后接不定式的动词:Decide.Learn.want.hope/wish.Refuse.Manage.wouldlike.Pretend.Offer.Promise.Choose.plan.agree.Ask.Help
Ihaven’tdecidedwheretogo/whattodo/howtodo.../whichtochoose/wheretogo..
We(主)want(谓)them(宾)tohelpme.--不定式做宾语补足语
接不定式不带to的动词(四看三使二听一感觉:lookat,see,watch,notice.let.Make.have.hear.Listento.Feel.例:ihearhimsingeverynight/lethimgo/mummademegotobedearly.
Cindyusedabrushtopaintapictureofapark.--不定式作目的状语。
定冠词the
Thereisabigtreeinfrontoftheclassroom(无法确定的前面-树在教室外)./thereisabigdeskinthefrontoftheclassroom.(能确定的前面-桌子在教室内)
用法:1特指:thephotowasofhergrandpa.2.上文出现,下文再次提到:therewasanaccidentontheroad.Twomenwerehurtintheaccident.3双方共知的turndowntheradio,please.Thebabyissleeping.4独一无二的:thesunisshinningbrightly.
乐器名词前必须用定冠词,体育运动名词前不用冠词。Playthepiano/playbasketball.
用在受介词短语修饰的名词前washyourhandswhenyoutouchthefoodonthetable/keepthetapsinthebathroomclean.
名词后如有介词短语加以限制,则具有特指意义,此时须用冠词:thepencilonthetableisshort...
发音规律:在辅音音素前,读theUnitedStatestheusefulbook.在元音音素前读itheumbrellatheolddoctorthehonestman.
名词Nouns
可数名词的复数形式:
一般情况加-s:school-schools;elephant-elepants
以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾:box-boxes;watch-watches.
辅音字母以y结尾:bluberry-blueberries;
以o结尾:规律1:完整的名词以“辅音+O”结尾,后面加-es=echo-echoes回声potato-potatoes规律2:完整的名词以“元音+O”结尾,后面要加s=radio-radios收音机kangaroo-kangaroos袋鼠底层逻辑:关乎发音问题(自然拼读)名词变复数不管后面加什么,不管读s,z还是iz,在原单词基础上加上尾缀,实际上原单词发音基本上不变。如果土豆potato+s的话,potatos后面的tos中的o在2个非重读音节t,s的中间,这种情况下,o是不能发出其原来的音的,只能发,这样就违背了原单词发音不变的原则,为了解决这个问题那么万能的e就出来了,如果加上es就是potatoes,oe这个发音本身就是,不受弱化发音的影响。而规律1的情况原单词结尾本身就含有元音的字母组合后面直接加s也不会导致发生音变如radio和kangaroo。规律3:非完整的单词复数(外来词,缩写词等)如photos(原词是photographs),pianos(原词是pianofortes)
以f(e)结尾:变v+es=thief-thieves;wife-wives
不规则变化:man-men,foot-feet,child-children,mouse-mice,german-germans,单复数同形:chiness,japanese。
常以复数形式出现:clothes,trousers,shoes,noodles,
Thispairofshoesisred.
集体名词people,police;
Howmanypeoplearethereinyourfamily?
不可数名词:air,earth,water,pollution,food,advice不能用不定冠词a/an修饰acupofflour/twospoonsofsugar/somesyrup/aglassofmilk.
专有名词propername:thecoronavirus
名词所有格:加s或’s,children’s/teachers’/lucyandlily’smother(lucy和lily共同的母亲是一个单数)/lucy’sandlily’smother(lucy和lily各自的母亲是2个母亲复数)
代词:
人称代词:主格i,we,you,he,she,it,they,宾格me,us,you,him,her,it,them;物主代词:形容词性物主代词my,our,your,his,her,its,their;名词性物主代词mine,ours,yours,his,hers,its,theirs;
反身代词:myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselves,himself,herself,itself,themselves。
Theother特指两个或两部分中的另一个或另一部分,可接单数或者复数名词,表示两个中“一个……另一个……”,常用结构式为:one...theother...
1.Hehastwobrothers,oneisateacher,theotherisadocter.
2.Thereare48studentsinourclass,someworkhard,buttheotherstudentsdon’t.
Theothers特指某一范围内的“其他的(人或物)”相当于theother+名词复数,指剩余的全部。
Thereare48studentsinourclass,someworkhard,buttheothersdon’t.
我们班有48个学生,一些学习努力,其余的不努力。
Other“其他的,另外的”位于名词前做定语。
Welearnchinese,English,mathandothersubjects.
Others相当于other+名词复数,指剩余的另一些,并非全部。
1.Somestudentsaredoinghomework,butothersaretalkingloudly.
2.Alotofpeopleareinthepark,somearesinging,othersaredancing.
Another泛指同类事物中三者或三者以上中“另一个”,只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。
Idon’tlikethisone,pleaseshowmeanother.注意:another+名词单数=onemore+名词单数
another+数词+名词复数=数词+more/other+名词复数
1.Iwanttohaveanotherapple=Iwanttohaveonemoreapple.
2.Weneedanothertenchairs=Weneedtenmore/otherchairs.
Itisimportanttodo...---it是形式主语。
动词语态
Nonetsarerequiredforthistypeoffishing/eachpictureshouldbemadealittledifferentfromtheonebeforeit--被动语态(thepassivevoice)Be+P.P用的原因1强调,2礼貌3引用信息(itisreported...
一般现在时:am/is/are+PP一般过去时:was/were+PP一般将来时:willbe+pp
情态动词被动:情态动词+be+pp现在完成时:have/has+been+pp现在进行时:am/is/are+being+PP
不及物动词,连系动词没有被动(此类动词无动作承受者)SARStookplacein/itseemsimpossibletotheforeigners常见连系动词:feel.Look.Taste.sound.smell.
主动中省略to的不定式(make,have,let,see,hear),在被动中要还原to:wesawtheworkersbuildthehospital...=theworkerswereseentobuildthehospital...
短语中的介词不能漏=thedoctorsandnurseshavetakengoodcareofthepatients/thepatientshavebeentakengoodcareofbythedoctorsandnurses.(of和by分属于不同的意群)/peopleallovertheworldareprayingforchina/xiaomingisunhappy,becauseheislaughedatveryoftern.
an放在元音因素开头的单词前面the在元音因素开头的词前发zi的音intheeveningasetof跟复数apairoftrousers一条裤子twopairsoftrousers两条裤子aglassofjuice一杯果汁twoglassesofjuicesome可数和不可数名词都可以修饰birdsinthetree外来的appleonthetree长出来的attable在就餐atthetable在桌子旁orange橘子可数,橘汁不可数glass杯子可数,玻璃不可数room房间可数,空间不可数onthebed在床上inbed睡觉主系表表感官soundsmelltastefeelthefoodsmellsterrible表变化turnbe